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【C#/.NET】record介绍 环球时快讯

2023-06-06 13:02:11 博客园

目录

什么是record?

使用record


(资料图片)

record解构

record原理

结论


什么是record?

record是.NET 5中的一种新特性,可以看作是一种概念上不可变的类。records可以帮助我们在C#中更容易地处理数据,同时提供了重要的功能,如对象相等性、hashcode和解构。

与类不同,records具有值语义。也就是说,当比较两个records的实例时,比较的是这些实例的属性而非引用。这意味着,如果两个records的属性值相同,它们就是相等的。

record也可以简化需要类似于Dto的数据结构容器的定义。

使用record
Person p1 = new("小明", "南山", "11@outlook.com");Person p2 = new("小明", "南山", "11@outlook.com");Console.WriteLine(p1 == p2);public record Person(string Name, string Address, string Email);

像定义一个类一样,public class Person,只是将class关键字替换成record关键字。然后属性是用括号来定义。

默认的record声明是class,如果想声明一个struct

public record struct Person(string Name, string Address, string Email);

record是不可变的类型,括号中声明的属性在构造之后不可变更。可以使用==按属性的值进行比较。可以直接作为hash的key以及结构。

record可以像普通类一样扩展可变更的属性和自定义的方法,语法如下

public record Person(string Name, string Address, string Email){    public required string PhoneNumber { get; set; }    public static IEnumerable GetAll()    {        yield return new Person("张三", "123 Main St", "john@example.com") { PhoneNumber = "123456789"};        yield return new Person("李四", "456 Elm St", "jane@example.com") { PhoneNumber = "123456789" };        yield return new Person("王二", "789 Oak St", "bob@example.com") { PhoneNumber = "123456789" }; ;    }    public string GetDisplayName() => $"{Name} ({Email})";};
record解构

record可以通过解构,将对象解构为元组,方便一次性获取record中的属性值,

Person p1 = new("小明", "南山", "11@outlook.com") ;var (name,address,email) = p1 ;
record原理

record的原理是编译器提供支持,上述Person定义反编译结果如下

public class Person : IEquatable{    [CompilerGenerated]    protected virtual Type EqualityContract    {        [CompilerGenerated]        get        {            return typeof(Person);        }    }    public string Name { get; set/*init*/; }    public string Address { get; set/*init*/; }    public string Email { get; set/*init*/; }    public Person(string Name, string Address, string Email)    {        this.Name = Name;        this.Address = Address;        this.Email = Email;        base..ctor();    }    [CompilerGenerated]    public override string ToString()    {        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();        stringBuilder.Append("Person");        stringBuilder.Append(" { ");        if (PrintMembers(stringBuilder))        {            stringBuilder.Append(" ");        }        stringBuilder.Append("}");        return stringBuilder.ToString();    }    [CompilerGenerated]    protected virtual bool PrintMembers(StringBuilder builder)    {        RuntimeHelpers.EnsureSufficientExecutionStack();        builder.Append("Name = ");        builder.Append((object?)Name);        builder.Append(", Address = ");        builder.Append((object?)Address);        builder.Append(", Email = ");        builder.Append((object?)Email);        return true;    }    [CompilerGenerated]    public static bool operator !=(Person? left, Person? right)    {        return !(left == right);    }    [CompilerGenerated]    public static bool operator ==(Person? left, Person? right)    {        return (object)left == right || (left?.Equals(right) ?? false);    }    [CompilerGenerated]    public override int GetHashCode()    {        return ((EqualityComparer.Default.GetHashCode(EqualityContract) * -1521134295 + EqualityComparer.Default.GetHashCode(Name)) * -1521134295 + EqualityComparer.Default.GetHashCode(Address)) * -1521134295 + EqualityComparer.Default.GetHashCode(Email);    }    [CompilerGenerated]    public override bool Equals(object? obj)    {        return Equals(obj as Person);    }    [CompilerGenerated]    public virtual bool Equals(Person? other)    {        return (object)this == other || ((object)other != null && EqualityContract == other.EqualityContract && EqualityComparer.Default.Equals(Name, other.Name) && EqualityComparer.Default.Equals(Address, other.Address) && EqualityComparer.Default.Equals(Email, other.Email));    }    [CompilerGenerated]    protected Person(Person original)    {        Name = original.Name;        Address = original.Address;        Email = original.Email;    }    [CompilerGenerated]    public void Deconstruct(out string Name, out string Address, out string Email)    {        Name = this.Name;        Address = this.Address;        Email = this.Email;    }}

可以看到,编译器给使用了record关键字的定义生成了对应的属性和构造函数,并且重写了ToString(),GetHashCode,Equals还有一个解构函数和!=和==运算符。其实看到这里就明白了,为什么record可以提供值比较,解构,hash等。

不可变性是因为record的属性是使用了init关键字而不是set,这样子如果对record的对象属性赋值,编译器会报错。

值相等性是重定义了!=和==运算符

hash是因为重写了GetHashCode,Equals

解构是定义了Deconstruct方法

结论

我们介绍了.NET 5中引入的record类型及其优点。但对于许多数据对象的简单情况,如值对象和DTO,推荐使用record类型。虽然record可以定义可变更的属性和添加方法,不过这样子有点违背了record的初衷。

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责任编辑:宋璟

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